Research & Resources
Getting Started: How, Why, and Lessons Learned
Panelists from Michigan Medicine, the University of Maryland, and the American Journal of Surgery hosted an introductory webinar about the curriculum on July 7, 2020. This webinar will address why and how to implement a cultural complications curriculum at your institution, as well as lessons learned from pilot programs at the University of Michigan and University of Maryland.
understanding the diversity bonus in medicine
The Diversity Bonus: How Great Teams Pay Off in the Knowledge Economy https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvc77c0h
The Influence of Ethnic Diversity on Leadership, Group Process, and Performance: an examination of learning teams https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147176701000323
Why Diverse Teams Are Smarter https://hbr.org/2016/11/why-diverse-teams-are-smarter
When and Why Diversity Improves Your Board’s Performance https://hbr.org/2019/03/when-and-why-diversity-improves-your-boards-performance
The Difference https://sites.lsa.umich.edu/scottepage/home/the-difference/
implicit bias and microaggressions
Gender Disparity in Analgesic Treatment of Emergency Department Patients with Acute Abdominal Pain https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18439195
Ethnicity as a Risk Factor for Inadequate Emergency Department Analgesia https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/404665
Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1998-02892-004
Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: III. Meta-analysis of predictive validity https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2009-08950-006
Implicit Bias among Physicians and its Prediction of Thrombolysis Decisions for Black and White Patients https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11606-007-0258-5
Racial microaggressions in everyday life: Implications for clinical practice. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2007-07130-001
Not So Subtle: A Meta-Analytic Investigation of the Correlates of Subtle and Overt Discrimination https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0149206313506466
The weight of racism: Vigilance and racial inequalities in weight-related measures https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953617302137?via%3Dihub
Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Hypertension Prevalence: Reconsidering the Role of Chronic Stress https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24228644
Strong claims and weak evidence: Reassessing the predictive validity of the IAT https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2009-06703-001
Predicting ethnic and racial discrimination: A meta-analysis of IAT criterion studies https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2013-20587-001
Test–retest reliability and predictive validity of the Implicit Association Test in children https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2017-56319-001
Stereotype threat
Impact of Weight Bias and Stigma on Quality of Care and Outcomes for Patients with Obesity https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4381543/
Stereotype Threat and the Intellectual Test Performance of African Americans https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7473032
Stereotype Threat and Women's Math Performance https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022103198913737
Stereotyping and Its Threat are Real https://psycnet.apa.org/buy/1998-02607-013
Improving Adolescents' Standardized Test Performance: an intervention to reduce the effects of stereotype threat https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2004-10379-003
Converging evidence that stereotype threat reduces working memory capacity. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2003-07329-004
Whistling Vivaldi: How Stereotypes Affect Us and What We Can Do (Issues of Our Time) https://www.amazon.com/Whistling-Vivaldi-Stereotypes-Affect-Issues/dp/0393339726
Stereotype Threat: Theory, Process, and Application https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199732449.001.0001/acprof-9780199732449
Why Are All the Black Kids Sitting Together in the Cafeteria: And Other Conversations About Race https://www.amazon.com/Black-Kids-Sitting-Together-Cafeteria/dp/0465083617
The Social Psychology of Stigma https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Social_Psychology_of_Stigma.html?id=--a5c_Q0COYC&printsec=frontcover&source=kp_read_button#v=onepage&q&f=false
Vigilance intersectionality
Toward a Field of Intersectionality Studies: Theory, Applications, and Praxis https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/669608?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents
Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: a Black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics University of Chicago Legal Forum https://www.nonprofitleadershipalliance.org/resource/demarginalizing-intersection-race-sex-black-feminist-critique-antidiscrimination-doctrine-feminist-theory-antiracist-politics/
Incorporating intersectionality theory into population health research methodology: Challenges and the potential to advance health equity https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24704889
The Weight of Racism: Vigilance and Racial Inequalities in Weight-Related Measures https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953617302137
“Every Shut Eye, Ain’t Sleep”: The Role of Racism-Related Vigilance in Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Sleep Difficulty https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12552-013-9095-9
Death by a thousand cuts: The health implications of black respectability politics. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29187782
Gender Schemas
Gender Schema Theory: A cognitive account of sex typing. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1981-25685-001
Social Incentives for Gender Differences in the Propensity to Initiate Negotiations: Sometimes it does hurt to ask https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0749597806000884
Competent Yet Out in the Cold: Shifting Criteria for Hiring Reflect Backlash Toward Agentic https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2008.00454.x?journalCode=pwqa
Gender Fair Language
Linguistic Relativity http://psychology.emory.edu/cognition/wolff/papers/Wolff%20Holmes%202011.pdf
Does sex-biased job advertising ‘‘aid and abet’’ sex discrimination? https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1974-03993-001
Does Gender-Fair Language Pay Off? The Social Perception of Professions from a Cross-Linguistic Perspective https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4720790/
Using Masculine Generics: Does generic he increase male bias in the user's imagery? https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1989-36341-001
The Gendering of Language: A Comparison of Gender Equality in Countries with Gendered, Natural Gender, and Genderless Languages https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11199-011-0083-5
What is in a Pronoun?: Why Gender-fair Language Matters. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5774006/
Can Gender-Fair Language Reduce Gender Stereotyping and Discrimination? https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4735429/
Promoting Gender-Fair Language: The Impact of Arguments on Language Use, Attitudes, and Cognitions https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0261927X14541280
Guidelines for Gender-Fair Use of Language https://faculty.missouri.edu/~glaserr/3700s15/NCTE_Guidelines_for_Gender_Fair_Use_of_Language.pdf
Evaluation and Assessment
Comparison of Male vs Female Resident Milestone Evaluations by Faculty During Emergency Medicine Residency Training https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28264090
Racial Disparities in Medical Student Membership in the Alpha Omega Alpha Honor Society https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2607210
The Effect of Gender on Resident Autonomy in the Operating room https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28669788
Exploring the Color of Glass: Letters of Recommendation for Female and Male Medical Faculty https://diversity.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/exploring-the-color-of-glass.pdf
Nepotism and Sexism in Peer Review https://www.nature.com/articles/387341a0
Analysis of NIH R01 Application Critiques, Impact and Criteria Scores: Does the Sex of the Principal Investigator Make a Difference? https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27276003
A Quantitative Linguistic Analysis of National Institutes of Health R01 Application Critiques from Investigators at One Institution. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25140529
How Gender Bias Corrupts Performance Reviews, and What to Do About It https://hbr.org/2017/04/how-gender-bias-corrupts-performance-reviews-and-what-to-do-about-it
Mentoring and Sponsorship
Mentoring in Academic Medicine: a systematic review https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16954490
Clinician-trialist rounds, 7: mentoring: why every clinician-trialist needs to get mentored https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22167113
Female Surgeons in the 1990s: Academic Role Models https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8503771
Minority faculty voices on diversity in academic medicine: perspectives from one school https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18667896
Taking Root in a Forest Clearing: A Resource Guide for Medical Faculty http://www.bu.edu/cms/www.bumc.bu.edu/busm-osa/files/Resource_Guide/Resource_Guide_For_Faculty.pdf
Faculty of color in academe: What 20 years of literature tells us https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2008-13166-001
Race, disadvantage and faculty experiences in academic medicine. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20697960
Differences in Mentor-Mentee Sponsorship in Male vs Female Recipients of National Institutes of Health Grants https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5470387/
Female peer mentors early in college increase women's positive academic experiences and retention in engineering https://www.pnas.org/content/early/2017/05/16/1613117114
leadership and national representation
The State of Women in Academic Medicine: The Pipeline and Pathways to Leadership. https://www.aamc.org/data-reports/faculty-institutions/report/state-women-academic-medicine
Women, Surgery, and Leadership: Where We Have Been, Where We Are, Where We Are Going https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/1679652
Gender Disparities in Medical Student Research Awards: A 13-Year Study From the Yale School of Medicine. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29140916
Addressing Women's Under-Representation in Medical Leadership https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(18)32110-X/fulltext
Clinical Excellence Awards: successful candidates 2017 https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/clinical-excellence-awards-successful-candidates-2017
This mathematical formula shows that all-male panels are sexist https://qz.com/524694/524694/
Conference Diversity Distribution Calculator http://aanandprasad.com/diversity-calculator/?groupName=women&numSpeakers=20&populationPercentage=10
Speaker Introductions at Internal Medicine Grand Rounds: Forms of Address Reveal Gender Bias https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28437214
Representation of women in speaking roles at surgical conferences https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002961019305987
Salary, Imposter Syndrome and Sticky Floors
Association for Academic Surgery presidential address: sticky floors and glass ceilings https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29078918
Gender Differences in the Salaries of Physician Researchers https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/1182859
Sex Differences in Physician Salary in US Public Medical Schools https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2532788
Sex Differences in Institutional Support for Junior Biomedical Researchers https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2441254
Medicare relative value units for gender-specific procedures: Gynecologic and gynecologic-oncologic versus urologic CPT coding. Has time healed gender-worth https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28024653
Comparison of 2015 Medicare relative value units for gender-specific procedures: Gynecologic and gynecologic-oncologic versus urologic CPT coding. Has time healed gender-worth? https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28024653
Relationship between work-home conflicts and burnout among American surgeons https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21339435
A Structured Compensation Plan Improves But Does Not Erase the Sex Pay Gap in Surgery https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29979249
Hiring and Retention
Science Faculty’s Subtle Gender Biases favor Male Students https://www.pnas.org/content/109/41/16474
Are Emily and Greg More Employable than Lakisha and Jamal? A Field Experiment on Labor Market Discrimination https://www.nber.org/papers/w9873
Gender Differences in Time Spent on Parenting and Domestic Responsibilities by High-Achieving Young Physician-Researchers https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24737273
Preventing the tower from toppling for women in surgery https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(19)30246-6/fulltext
Association of American Medical Colleges. Distribution of U.S. medical school faculty by race/ethnicity. [Accessed April 8, 2008]. Available at: ( http://www.aamc.org/data/facultyroster/usmsf05/start.htm).
Faculty self-reported experience with racial and ethnic discrimination in academic medicine. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15009781
Orchestrating Impartiality: The Impact of “Blind” Auditions on Female Musicians https://www.nber.org/papers/w5903
Boards Are Overlooking Qualified Women. Here’s How to Fix That https://hbr.org/2019/05/boards-are-overlooking-qualified-women-heres-how-to-fix-that
Research: When People See More Women at the Top, They’re Less Concerned About Gender Inequality Elsewhere https://hbr.org/2019/03/research-when-people-see-more-women-at-the-top-theyre-less-concerned-about-gender-inequality-elsewhere
Sustaining Diversity Initiatives
Best Practices or Best Guesses? Assessing the Efficacy of Corporate Affirmative Action and Diversity Policies https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/cfawis/Dobbin_best_practices.pdf
Working toward gender diversity and inclusion in medicine: myths and solutions https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(18)33138-6/fulltext
Mentoring program for minority faculty at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10219215
Rage against the iron cage: the varied effects of bureaucratic personnel reforms on diversity https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/dobbin/files/asr2015.pdf